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Ancient Egyptian religion was polytheistic and often zoomorphic. The Egyptian term for goddess was neṯeret (nṯrt;
netjeret, nečeret) and the term for god was neṯer (nṯr; also transliterated netjer, nečer).
The hieroglyphs for these terms R8) are depicted as flags followed by an appropriate gender symbol.
The pharaoh was deified after death, and bore the title of nṯr nfr "the good god," if male. The title,
"servant of god" was used for the religious leaders in the temples of gods, ḥmt-nṯr was applied
to priestesses and ḥm-nṯr was applied to priests, with parallel constructions for goddesses, the religious
leaders of their temples, and for dead pharaohs who were women.
The term, hemt-nṯr-nt imen "servant of the god, wife of Amun" was a title held by priestesses in the
tenth (2,160 BCE) and twelfth (1991-1802 BCE) dynasties (Shafer, p 14), which was adopted by the female members of the royal
family in the New Kingdom (the hereditary, royal lineage of Egypt was a matrilineality, carried by its women). The New Kingdom
is dated from 1,570-1,070 BCE and includes the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth dynasties. The term "god father"
jt-nṯr was an epithet of Thoth when he became identified as a counterpart to the goddess, Ma'at.
Ancient Egyptian culture persisted. That dynasty was ruled by a Hellenistic royal family for nearly 300 years, from 305
BCE. to 30 BCE, when the Romans conquered Cleopatra VII, the last pharaoh. Roman rule lasted until the final invasion by Muslim
Arabs in 646 CE that ended 975 years of Gręco-Roman rule over Egypt. During that time religious concepts had blended few aspects
from the invading cultures with the native, but retained most of the Egyptian cults and deities for continuity with the long
history of a culture that served as the authority for the government, maintained the royal lineage, and interwove their deities
with their rulers—along with the developing Christian beliefs among some of the Romans.
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